IMO MASS Code — Legal Firewall Removal
#1The IMO's Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) adopted the MASS Code framework at MSC 107 (June 2023) with a target of mandatory application by 2028. The Code defines four degrees of autonomy, with Degree 3 (remotely operated, no crew onboard) and Degree 4 (fully autonomous) now having explicit flag-state approval pathways via the goal-based regulatory framework. Flag states including Norway, Singapore, Japan, and the Bahamas have already established domestic provisional approval processes that anticipate the mandatory MASS Code, meaning commercial crewless vessel operations are legally viable in multiple jurisdictions right now, ahead of the 2028 mandatory instrument.