IoT Sensor Networks and Autonomous Environmental Monitoring
#1The EPA's Air Quality System (AQS) network has been supplemented by thousands of low-cost IoT sensors enabling near-continuous spatial monitoring at a fraction of prior costs. Commercial platforms like Aeroqual, PurpleAir (now Digi International), and Clarity Movement deploy dense urban sensor grids providing real-time air quality data that previously required scheduled technician visits. In groundwater monitoring, platforms like In-Situ's VuSitu and Hach's WIMS connect field sondes directly to cloud dashboards, turning what were quarterly sampling events into continuous 15-minute interval data streams. EPA's Electronic Reporting Rule (40 CFR Part 3) mandates electronic submission for major environmental programs, creating institutional momentum for sensor-based monitoring over grab sampling.